自學(xué)考試“高級(jí)英語”復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo)（四）

　　五、先易后難，逐個(gè)解題

　　由于測(cè)試的短文難易程度各異，考生應(yīng)根據(jù)自己的興起、愛好或?qū)I(yè)知識(shí)，先易后難答題。這樣做可讓考生保持良好的考場(chǎng)情緒，有利于考生正常發(fā)揮水平。

　　做閱讀理解應(yīng)忌諱的方面

　　一忌：不帶問題閱讀。費(fèi)力、費(fèi)時(shí)、效率低。

　　二忌：草率行事。出題者有時(shí)故意出一道似是而非的題目，如果匆忙答題，很容易犯錯(cuò)。

　　三忌：主觀印象。有的考生愛根據(jù)自身的生活經(jīng)歷或常識(shí)來答題，而考試則是要根據(jù)原文

　　旨意來選擇答案。

　　四忌：一葉障目。只見樹木，不見森林。有的考生會(huì)被文章的個(gè)別內(nèi)容、局部環(huán)節(jié)所迷惑，

　　結(jié)果忽略了文章的全貌。

　　五忌：忽略時(shí)間。前面耗時(shí)太多，后面時(shí)間不夠用，結(jié)果影響成績(jī)。

　　各種題型講解

　　一、選擇題

　　考核學(xué)生對(duì)短文的綜合理解程度。考生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容勾出正確答案。

　　常見題型有：

　　1. 主旨大意題

　　2. 事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)題

　　3. 是非題

　　4. 推理、引申題

　　5. 作者觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度題

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　　主旨題要求考生在閱讀有關(guān)文章后能夠概括出中心思想，確定段落大意或選定最佳標(biāo)題。主旨題的常見提問方式有：

　　1） From this passage， we learn that…

　　2） The article was written to explain…

　　3） The author mainly discusses…

　　4） The best title for this passage is…。

　　5） The central idea conveyed in the above passage is…

　　6） The title that best expresses the main idea is…

　　7） What does the passage mainly discuss？

　　8） What is the main topic （theme， subject， point） of the passage？

　　9） What would be the most appropriate title for this passage？

　　10） Which of the following is the best title for this passage？

　　11） Which sentence best summarizes the article？

　　12） Which title suits this passage best？

　　例如：

　　The United States is a country made up of many different races. Usually they are mixed together and can't be told from one another. But many of them still talk about where their ancestors came from. It is something they are proud of.

　　The original Americans， of course， were the Indians. The so-called white men who then came were mostly from England. But many came from other countries like Germany and France.

　　One problem the United States has always had is discrimination. As new groups came to the United States they found they were discriminated against. First it was the Irish and Italians. Later it was the blacks. Almost every group has been able to finally escape this discrimination. The only immigrants who have not are the blacks. Surprisingly enough the worst discrimination today is shown towards the Indians.

　　One reason the Indians are discriminated against is that they have tried so hard to keep their identity. Of course they are not the only ones who have done so. The Japanese have their Little Tokyo in Los Angeles and the Chinese a Chinatown in New York. The Dutch settlement in Pennsylvania also stays separate from other people. Their towns are like something from the 19th century. They have a different reason from the other groups for staying separately. They live separately for religious reasons rather than keep together in a racia1 group.

　　Although some groups have kept themselves separate and others have been discriminated against， al1 groups have helped make the United States a great country. There is no group that has not helped in some way. And there is no group that can say they have done the most to make it a great country.

　　Many people sti1l come from other countries to help the United States grow. A good example is the American project that let a man walk on the moon. It was a scientist from Germany who was most responsible for doing that. It is certain that in the future the United States wil1 still need the he1p of people from all racial groups to remain a great country.

　　Question： Which of the following statements can best describe the main idea of this passage？

　　A. The United States is a country made up of many different races.

　　B. Discrimination is the most serious problem in the United States.

　　C. All races in the United States have helped make the country a great one.

　　D. The prosperity of the United States is mainly due to the hard work of the most discriminated races.

　　解答：選C.

　　這是一道主旨題，要求我們歸納文章的中心思想。速讀全文后，我們就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)D根本不是本文思想，應(yīng)首先排除。B與原文的意思不符合。原文第三段第一句講到美國(guó)一直有種族歧視問題，但沒有說這是美國(guó)最嚴(yán)重的問題。A是本文第一段第一句的原話，但不足以概括全文的中心思想。而文章的第五段強(qiáng)調(diào)美國(guó)所有的種族都為建設(shè)美國(guó)做出了貢獻(xiàn)，體現(xiàn)了文章的中心思想，所以C為正確答案。

　?。ǘ┦聦?shí)、細(xì)節(jié)題

　　這類問題要求考生找出例證、原因、時(shí)間和其它有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)或具體的數(shù)據(jù)等。細(xì)節(jié)題出題類型主要有以下幾種：

　　1. According to the author， it is true that …

　　2. According to the passage， who （what， where， when）…… ？

　　3. How many （much）…… in this article？

　　4. In what way…… ？

　　5. In what year…… ？

　　6. What do we know about…… ？

　　7. Why is （are）…… ？

　　例如：

　　Fear and its companion pain are two of the most useful things that men and animals possess， if they are proper1y used. If fire did not hurt when it burnt， children would p1ay it until their hands were burnt away. Similarly， if pain existed but fear did not， a child would burn itself again and again， because fear would not warn it to keep away from the fire that had burn it before. A real1y fearless soldier —— and some do exist —— is not a good soldier because he is soon killed； and a dead soldier is of no use to his army. Fear and pain are therefore two guards without which men and animals might and die out.

　　In our first sentence we suggested that fear ought to be proper1y used. If， for example， you never go out of your house because of the danger of being knocked down and killed in the street by a car， you are letting fear rule you too much. Even in your house you are not absolutely safe： an airplane may crash on your house， or ants may eat away some of the beams in your roof so that the latter falls on you， or you may get cancer！

　　The important thing is not to let fear rule you， but instead to use fear as your servant and guide. Fear will warn you of dangers； then you have to decide what action to take.

　　In many cases， you can take quick and successful action to avoid the danger. For example， you see a car coming straight towards you； fear warns you， you jump out of the way， and all is well.

　　In some cases， however， you decide that there is nothing that you can do to avoid the danger. For examp1e， you cannot prevent an airplane crashing onto your house. In this case， fear has given you its warning； you have examined it and decided on your course， of action， so fear of this particular danger is no longer of any use to you， and you have to try to overcome it.

　　Question： Children wou1d p1ay with fire until their hands were burnt away if ______.

　　A. they were given no warning beforehand

　　B. they had never burnt themselves

　　C. they had no sense of pain

　　D. they were fearful of the fire

　　解答：選C.

　　本題是問文章中的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)第一段的第二句話：“If fire did not hurt when it burnt，…”可以判斷C項(xiàng)為正確答案。