2015年湖北考研英語(yǔ)(一)新題型小標(biāo)題的答題方式

湖北2015年考研英語(yǔ)(一)新題型小標(biāo)題的答題方式

　　考研英語(yǔ)(一)新題型小標(biāo)題題的答題方式.針對(duì)每一段文字，讀出每段主題或核心意思，并分清題目屬于哪一類的題型，從而采取不同的方法做答。 答題完畢后，應(yīng)參看下面的段落，有助于對(duì)答案進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。另外，有些段落的答案，在下面的幾段文字中會(huì)原文重現(xiàn)。

　　(一) 小標(biāo)題的解題思路

　　(1) 通讀一遍短文，使自己對(duì)全文的內(nèi)容有一個(gè)大致的了解。

　　(2) 針對(duì)每一段文字，讀出每段主題或核心意思，并分清題目屬于哪一類的題型，從而采取不同的方法做答。

　　(3) 答題完畢后，應(yīng)參看下面的段落，有助于對(duì)答案進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。另外，有些段落的答案，在下面的幾段文字中會(huì)原文重現(xiàn)。

　　(二) 小標(biāo)題題的答題方式

　　1. 主題暗示題

　　(1) 分析主題句后歸納。

　　例1.

　　Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959. A president, elected to a four?year term, is head of state, and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be elected by Parliament, but by a 1991 constitutional amendment (修正案), the president is now elected directly by the people. The Parliament is the law?making body with its 81 members popularly elected.

　　(Answer:About State System of Singapore)

　　在做這一題型時(shí)，要學(xué)會(huì)在文章及段落中找到中心句，即作者要表達(dá)的思想。這種題型在整個(gè)考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率是很高的。

　　主題句出現(xiàn)的位置往往在段首或段尾。在第一句中，可以看到新加坡是按照1959年修正后的憲法來(lái)治國(guó)的。在后面的敘述中，前兩句主語(yǔ)都是總統(tǒng)，而最后的一句的主語(yǔ)是議會(huì)。顯然后面這幾句是對(duì)主題句——第一句的詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。由此可以看出，小標(biāo)題應(yīng)該是新加坡的國(guó)家體制問(wèn)題。

　　例2.

　　Certain phenomena have been observed which are believed to be the signs of imminent earthquakes. These include strange behaviours of some animals, the changes in the content of mineral water, etc. The magnetic properties of rocks may also display special pattern before major earthquakes happen.

　　(Answer: Indications of Possible Earthquakes)

　　本段的第一句即為主題句，講的是人們觀察到即將發(fā)生地震時(shí)一些可能出現(xiàn)的跡象，此后的內(nèi)容講的都是各種各樣的預(yù)兆、跡象。因此可以判斷該小標(biāo)題是指可能發(fā)生地震時(shí)的種種“現(xiàn)象”“征兆”。

　　例3.

　　Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce, transport adds to their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer, the better for trade. When there were no railways, no good roads, no canals, and only small sailing ships, trade was on a small scale.

　　(Answer:Role of Transport in Trade Development)

　　第一句話談到了交通運(yùn)輸是對(duì)貿(mào)易發(fā)展的一大幫助，接下來(lái)的幾句進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明了交通運(yùn)輸對(duì)貿(mào)易發(fā)展所起的作用，是對(duì)第一句主題句的詳細(xì)說(shuō)明，歸納起來(lái)本段小標(biāo)題講的是交通在貿(mào)易發(fā)展中起的作用。

　　(2) 理解段落主題句并用“原形復(fù)現(xiàn)”或“同(近)義替換法”。

　　例1. in Paris

　　Paris is the leading industrial center of France, with about one quarter of the nation?s manufacturing concentrated in the metropolitan areas. Industries of consumer goods have always been down to Paris by the enormous market of the big population, and modern, high?technology industries also have become numerous since World War Ⅱ. Chief manufactures are machinery, automobiles, chemicals and electrical equipment.

　　(Answer:Industries)

　　該段主題句講得是巴黎是法國(guó)的工業(yè)中心。“工業(yè)”一詞以其復(fù)數(shù)形式“industries”出現(xiàn)了兩次，其形容詞形式“industrial”也出現(xiàn)了一次，可確定劃線部分應(yīng)為“工業(yè)”。

　　例2.

　　Women?s rights are guarantees of political, social, and economic equality for women in a society that traditionally gives more power and freedom to men. Among these rights are control of property, equality of opportunity in education and employment, right of voting, and freedom of marriage. Today, complete political, economic, and social equality with men remains to be achieved.

　　(Answer:Rights of Women)

　　該段主題句講的是在一個(gè)男子比女子傳統(tǒng)上享有更多權(quán)利和自由的社會(huì)中，女性的權(quán)利是她們獲得與男性政治、社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)平等的保障。

　　例3.

　　It is convenient to subpide the study of anatomy in several different ways. One classification is based on the type of organisms studies, the major subpisions being plant anatomy and animal anatomy. Animal anatomy is further subpided into human anatomy and comparative anatomy, which seeks out similarities and differences among animal types. Anatomy can also be subpided into biological processes, for example, developmental anatomy, the study of embryos, and pathological anatomy, the study of diseased organs.

　　(Answer: The Subpision of Anatomy)

　　該段第一句即主題句，講的是解剖學(xué)的細(xì)分，其中出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞“subpide”。后面是對(duì)主題句的擴(kuò)展，說(shuō)明了解剖學(xué)細(xì)分的內(nèi)容：“major subpision”“further subpided”“can also be subpided into”。而顯而易見(jiàn)“細(xì)分”“分類”為答案。又因答案應(yīng)為名詞詞性，所以用“原形復(fù)現(xiàn)”的方法可以得出答案。

　　(3) 理解主題句并從試題中“of”或“by”后面的信息推斷。

　　例1. of Receiving Adult Education

　　This kind of education may be in the form of self?study with proper guidance through the use of libraries, correspondence courses, or broadcasting. It may also be acquired collectively in schools and colleges, study groups, workshops, clubs, and professional associations.

　　(Answer:Ways)

　　這一段的小標(biāo)題為“接受成人教育……”?？蓞⒄?of介詞后面的提示，從文章中尋找該小標(biāo)題的核心詞。該段共有兩句話，作者用舉例的方法提到了接受成人教育的不同途徑與方法。第一句講自學(xué)方式，包括函授課程、廣播大學(xué)等。第二句講集體學(xué)習(xí)方式。經(jīng)過(guò)分析，就可以得到答案。這是一種借助介詞of 后面短語(yǔ)的幫助，到文章主題句中去找答案的方法。

　　例2. of Women?s Rights Movement

　　The Age of Enlightenment (啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期) and the Industrial Revolution, which caused economic and social progress, provided a favorable climate for the rise of women?s rights movement in the late 18th and the 19th century. In 1848 more than 100 persons held the first women?s rights convention in New York and the feminists (女權(quán)主義者) demanded equal rights, including the vote.

　　(Answer:Start)

　　這一段的小標(biāo)題為“婦女權(quán)利運(yùn)動(dòng)的……”。參照介詞of后面的提示，再看原文。第一句即主題句主要講的是引起經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)進(jìn)步的啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)和工業(yè)革命為18世紀(jì)末、19世紀(jì)初女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的興起提供了一個(gè)有利的氛圍。本段講的是女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的“興起”，本段第二句話里又出現(xiàn)了“first”即“第一次”的字樣，令人聯(lián)想到“開(kāi)始”“開(kāi)端”等詞語(yǔ)。這樣，含有start的答案就顯而易見(jiàn)了。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#

　　例3. of Transport?related Industries and Trade

　　By moving fuel, raw materials, and even power, as, for example, through electric cables, transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes, the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.

　　(Answer: Birth)

　　這一段的小標(biāo)題為“與交通運(yùn)輸相關(guān)的工業(yè)和貿(mào)易的……”。第一句即主題句講的是交通運(yùn)輸使得一些地區(qū)工業(yè)和貿(mào)易的發(fā)展成為可能。小標(biāo)題中的 “工業(yè)”和“貿(mào)易”前出現(xiàn)了介詞of，使人馬上聯(lián)想到主題句中of之前的詞“establishment”與小標(biāo)題of前要填的詞有關(guān)。分析后得出該段是講與交通運(yùn)輸相關(guān)的工業(yè)和貿(mào)易的“建立”“出現(xiàn)”，含有“birth”一詞的選項(xiàng)是答案。

　　2. 細(xì)節(jié)歸納題

　　(1) 了解段落細(xì)節(jié)后用“原形重現(xiàn)”或“同(近)義替換法”。

　　例1. Check Your

　　Obviously there is little point in increasing your reading speed if you do not understand what you are reading. If you find you have lost the thread of the story, or you cannot remember clearly the details of what was said, re?read the section or chapter.

　　(Answer: Comprehension)

　　這一類題型在考試中也經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。通過(guò)這部分的幾個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)詞匯如：understand，find，remember clearly the details 等，稍加分析，就可以得出“理解”這個(gè)主題。

　　例2. Choose the Appropriate

　　Before you argue with your boss, check with the boss?s secretary to determine his mood. If he ate nails for breakfast, it is not a good idea to ask him for something. Even without the boss?s secretary, there are keys to timing: don?t approach the boss when he?s on deadline; don?t go in right before lunch, when he is apt to be distracted and rushed; don?t go in just before or after he has taken a vacation.

　　(Answer:Time)

　　在這一段的細(xì)節(jié)描述中可以看到 timing這個(gè)詞。這的意思是“選擇時(shí)機(jī)”，而這個(gè)詞的名詞形式恰恰就是我們要的答案。從本文可以看出，有些答案就藏在所給段落的細(xì)節(jié)描述中，有些需要變形，有些就用原詞。

　　例3. of AIDS

　　Most people recently infected by the AIDS virus look and feel healthy. In some people the virus may remain inactive, and these people act as carriers, remaining apparently healthy but still able to infect others. After a few years, some people may develop AIDS?related complex, or ARC. Its symptoms may include fever, fatigue, weight loss, skin rashes, a fungal infecton of the mouth known as thrush, lack of resistance to infection, and swollen lymph nodes.

　　(Answer: Symptoms)

　　本段第一句講的是大部分剛感染艾滋病毒的人看上去健康，本人也不覺(jué)有異常;第二句講有些人身上的病毒可能一直不發(fā)作，成為病毒攜帶者;第三句講的是過(guò)一段日子后，一些人開(kāi)始產(chǎn)生與艾滋病相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥;最后一句詳細(xì)陳述了艾滋病的種種癥狀，出現(xiàn)了概括這些細(xì)節(jié)的詞“symptoms”，由此確定了本題的答案。

　　(2) 了解段落細(xì)節(jié)后，從試題中“and”前(或后)詞義推斷。

　　例1. and Climate

　　Low?lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief (輪廓鮮明的) features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176 m. The country has a wet tropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 27.2 ℃. The average annual rainfall is 2,413 mm; the wettest months are November through January.

　　(Answer: Land)

　　看了這段文字，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)該段沒(méi)有主題句。但如果把細(xì)節(jié)歸納起來(lái)，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)前兩句講到新加坡島的地勢(shì)情況，接下來(lái)敘述的是該國(guó)的氣候情況。根據(jù)小標(biāo)題中and 后面給出的climate (氣候) 一詞可以推斷出前面應(yīng)該填 Land (地形)。

　　例2. Importance of and Training

　　Not all skills are inborn, however. Some people have invested in training and schooling to improve their knowledge and skills. When we go to school, we are investing in human capital that we expect to yield pidends, partly in the form of higher wages, later on. Human capital is also produced through on?the?job training.

　　(Answer: Education)

　　這段文字似乎沒(méi)有一句可以提取概括全段的中心句。小標(biāo)題中and后面給出提示詞“training”，第二句與training 并列中用“and”連接的是“schooling”，第三句中又出現(xiàn)了“When we go to school”，與最后一句中“on?the?job training”遙相呼應(yīng)，形成又一組并列。這樣就可以輕而易舉地確定小標(biāo)題中“and”前應(yīng)該是“教育”的名詞，所以答案確定。

　　例3. Pronunciation and of Words

　　Pronunciation is settled by common agreement of the community or group speaking the particular language or dialect. For standard pronunciations of words, a dictionary is your best friend. The usage of words is somewhat the same as pronunciation. To be accurate in your use of words is very important in your conversation. Dictionaries usually provide the usage of words. So whenever you meet with new words, it is a good idea to look them up in the dictionary.

　　(Answer: Usage)

　　本段小標(biāo)題中and之前出現(xiàn)的單詞是“pronunciation”，那么就要找出本段與pronunciation并列的單詞的另一個(gè)方面。閱讀段落內(nèi)容后，可知段落前二句涉及的是單詞的讀音“pronunciation”，而后四句涉及到的是單詞的“usage”即用法。更重要的是文中第三句明確地把“usage”與“pronunciation”并列起來(lái)，因此確定為答案。

　　3. 重要信息暗示題

　　這類題是指選取段落中多次出現(xiàn)的同義詞的原形或同義異性、同義異形詞即可解出答案的題目。

　　例1. of Adult Education

　　The earliest programs of organized adult education arose in Great Britain in the 1798, with the founding of an adult school in Nottingham and a mechanics? institute in Glasgow. The earliest adult education institution in the United States was founded by Benjamin Franklin and some friends in Philadelphia in 1740.

　　(Answer: Early Days)

　　本段中介紹了早期的有組織的成人教育計(jì)劃。文中出現(xiàn)了兩次earliest一詞，但都是指最早出現(xiàn)的某所學(xué)校。

　　例2. in the U.S. Airlines

　　During the 1970s the number of domestic passengers on U.S. airlines increased about 78%, and during the 1980s the figure was up about 58%. In 1990 there were 41.8 million international passengers; the figure was a 75% increase over 1980. The total cargo flown by U.S. airlines almost doubled during the 1980s, from 5.7 billion to 10.6 billion ton?miles in 1990.

　　(Answer: Rapid Growth)

　　本段主要陳述美國(guó)航空客運(yùn)量和貨運(yùn)噸位的增長(zhǎng)情況。全段并沒(méi)有中心主題句，但每一句都出現(xiàn)了“增長(zhǎng)”的字樣：第一句里有“increased”和“was up”，第二句又出現(xiàn)“a...increase over”，第三句出現(xiàn)“doubled”(翻倍)的字樣，這些都提示我們?cè)谛?biāo)題上要有的名詞是增長(zhǎng)，即“Growth”。#p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#

　　例3. Earthquake

　　Every year earthquakes are responsible for a large number of deaths and a vast amount of destruction in various parts of the world. Most of these damaging earthquakes occur either in a narrow belt which surrounds the Pacific Ocean or in a line which extends from Burma to the Alps in Europe. Some of the destruction is directly caused by the quake itself. An example of this is the collapse of buildings as a result of the quake itself. Other damage results from major fires which are initiated by the quake.

　　(Answer: Destruction)

　　本段主要講了易發(fā)生地震的區(qū)域及地震所帶來(lái)的破壞。文中表示“破壞”的詞反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。第一句中就出現(xiàn)了答案“destruction”，第二句中有形容詞“damaging”，第三句中又出現(xiàn)了答案詞“destruction”,第四句中又有“collapse”坍塌一詞，最后一句中又有表示“破壞”的名詞“damage”。由于“破壞”一詞反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，便可找出以“de”開(kāi)頭的詞“destruction”。

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