2016年湖北學(xué)位英語(yǔ)閱讀理詞義題解法三

湖北2016年學(xué)位英語(yǔ)閱讀理詞義題解法三

　　
2．利用同義關(guān)系解題
　　
(1)所考詞匯在文章中被同義詞、同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句等解釋或定義時(shí)，那么它與提示詞構(gòu)成同義關(guān)系；
這些解釋有時(shí)伴隨過(guò)渡詞，如：namely(即)，in other words(換句話說(shuō))，this means，that is，this is。
　　下定義的主要方式有如下幾種。
　　
①名詞(被定義對(duì)象)+定語(yǔ)從句(定義內(nèi)容)
　　
②名詞(被定義對(duì)象)+be+名詞(定義內(nèi)容)
　　
③名詞(被定義對(duì)象)+同位語(yǔ)(定義內(nèi)容)
　　
④名詞(被定義對(duì)象)+be called+名詞(定義內(nèi)容)
　　
⑤by+名詞(被定義對(duì)象)+be meant+名詞(定義內(nèi)容)
　　例36
　 　Taste is such a subjective matter that we don't usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone's preference, is that it's one person's opin-ion. But because the two big cola (可樂(lè)飲料) companies--Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, we've wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting.
　　We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic(傳統(tǒng)型) or Pepsi, Diet (低糖的) Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they'd have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand.
　　We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants'choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished.
　　Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The di-et-cola drinkers did a little worse--only 7 of 27 identified all four samples correctly.
　　While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the partici- pants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, hal{ the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout, was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price.
　　The word "burnout'(Para. 5) here refers to the state of
　　A. being seriously burnt in the skin
　　B. being unable to burn for lack of fuel
　　C. being badly damaged by fire
　　D. being unable to function because of excessive use
　 　所考詞匯在文中的相關(guān)句為“Overall，half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first，so fatigue，or taste burnout， was not a fac-tor",其中fatigue(疲勞，勞累)與taste burnout為同位語(yǔ)，而fatigue的意思由同句的前半部分可以看出：味覺(jué)疲勞，即因品嘗過(guò)多而使味覺(jué)失靈，由此可知D為正確答案。
　　例37
　 　Exchange a glance with someone, then look away. Do you realize that you have made a st.atement? Hold the glance for a second longer, and you have made a different statement. Hold it for 3 seconds, and the meaning has changed again. For every social situation, there is a permissible time that you can hold a person's gaze without being intimate, rude, or aggressive. If you are on an elevator, what gaze-time are you per-mitted? To answer this question, consider what you typically do. You very likely give other passengers a quick glance to size them up (打量) and to assure them that you mean no threat. Since being close to another person signals the possibility of interac-tion. You need to emit a signal telling others you want to be left alone. So you cut off eye contact, what sociologist Erving Goffman (1963) calls "a dimming of the lights. "
　　You look down at the floor, at the indicator lights, anywhere but into another passenger's eyes. Should you break the rule against staring at a stranger on an eleva- tor, you will make the other person exceedingly uncomfortable, and you are likely to feel a bit strange yourself.
　　If you hold eye contact for more than 3 seconds, what are you telling another per- son? Much depends on the person and the situation. For instance, a man and a woman communicate interest in this manner. They typically gaze at each other for about 3 sec- onds at a time, then drop their eyes down for 3 seconds, before letting their eyes meet again. But if one man gives another man a 3-second-plus stare, he signals, "I know you", "I am interested in you," or "You look peculiar and I am curious about you. "This type of stare often produces hostile feelings.
　　By "a dimming of the lights"(Para. 1) Erving Goffman means
　　A. closing one's eyes
　　B. turning off the lights
　　C. ceasing to glance at others
　　D. reducing gaze-time to the minimum
　 　所考詞組在文中的相關(guān)句為“So you cut off eye contact，what sociologist Erving Goffman(1963)calls‘a dimming of the lights．’’’由其中的“calls”可知“a dimming of the lights”是：“…cut off eye contact(停止目光接觸)”的定義，就是不再用眼睛看人。
　　由此可知C為正確 答案。當(dāng)然，這句話后面的一句話對(duì)所考詞組的意思做了進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明：You look down at the floor，at the indicator lights，anywhere but into another passenger’s eyes(……可以看任何地方，就是不能看另一個(gè)人的眼睛)。
　　例38
　　Can we pay too much attention to details?Absolutely．Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward．“To keep from losing the forest for the trees，”says Charles Garfield，associate professor at the University of California，San Francisco，“We must constantly ask ourselves how the details we’re working on fit into the larger picture．If they don’t，we should drop them and move to something else．”
　　The word“perfectionists”refers to those who
　　A．demand others to get everything absolutely right
　　B．know how to adj ust their goals according to the circumstances
　　C．pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectives
　　D．a(chǎn)re capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do
　 　這道題與原文第二句對(duì)Perfectionists的說(shuō)明相聯(lián)系：Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward．這個(gè)說(shuō)明可以說(shuō)是對(duì)perfectionists的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單定義，只要理解了這句話的意思：perfectionists為了小事而犧牲大 目標(biāo)，就能找到芷確答案c。
　　
(2)并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系表示同義：假如所考詞匯與線索提示詞之間以如下結(jié)構(gòu)連接，那么二者為同義關(guān)系。例 如：and，indeed，just as，also，besides，almost，even，simi-larly，likewise，correspondingly(相應(yīng) 地)，accordingly(因此)，in the same way，not only…but also等均表示并列關(guān)系。
　　例39
　 　From Boston to Los Angeles，from New York City to Chicago to Dallas，museums are eight planning，building，or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs．These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future．
　 　In New York City alone，six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so．
　　The reasons for this confluence of'activity are complex，but one factor is a consid- eration evervwhere—space． With collections expanding，with the needs and functions of museums changing，empty space has become a very precious commodity.
　　Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Muse-um of Art，which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago．Because of the space crunch，the Art Museum has be-come increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of arts，in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections．
　　Deaccessing--or selling off--works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum’s space problems． And increasingly，curators have been forced to juggle gallery space,rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage．
　　 Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space，however，“the mu-seum has no plan，no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years，”ac-cording to Philadelp is Museum of Art's president.
　　The author uses the word "facelift" to imply that the Philadelphia Museum of Art
　　A. added portraits to its collection
　　B. reduced its staff
　　C. raised money for poor artists
　　D. was remodeled
　 　首先找到相關(guān)句：Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art，which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years a90。這一句并不能體現(xiàn)facelift的意思。
　　但是which…and which…表明兩個(gè)從句的并行語(yǔ)義關(guān)系。如果說(shuō)費(fèi)城博物館幾十年來(lái)不斷需要擴(kuò)建，那么十年前的最近一次搞的是什么呢?應(yīng)當(dāng)和擴(kuò)建有關(guān)的。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只 有D the Philadeplphia Museum of Art was remodeled(進(jìn)行改造)比較接近意思。而全文也是講美國(guó)許多博物館都面臨空地緊缺，收藏品越來(lái)越多的問(wèn)題，A、B和C都沒(méi)提到。
　　
(3)因果關(guān)系表示同義：假如所考詞匯與線索提示詞之間以如下結(jié)構(gòu)連接，那么二者為同義關(guān)系。例 如：because，since，for，if，thus，so that，so…that…，so…as to…，therefore，consequently(因此)，as a result，in that(因?yàn)?，result in(結(jié)果)，result from(由于)，cause(導(dǎo)致)，lead to(導(dǎo)致)，be due to(因?yàn)?。
　　
(4)舉例表示同義關(guān)系：假如所考詞匯與線索提示詞之間有如下過(guò)渡詞，即所考詞匯被一個(gè)例子所解釋，那么例子的含義為所考詞匯的意義。引出例證的常見(jiàn)詞為for example，for instance，such as，to specify(說(shuō)的具體一點(diǎn))等。
　　例40
　 　Right now in schools across the country children are busy selling Pepsi--Cola in the name of education. They are part of Pepsi's "Learn and Earn Project"--an annual competition set up by Pepsi that encourages students to sell the soft drink at parties, basketball games and other school functions.
　　Then, each spring, the students write up their Pepsi-selling success stories for a chance at national prizes: shares of stock in the Pepsi-Cola Company.
　　According to materials the company sends the teachers, the project declares "help strengthen students broad, understandings of business, particularly its broad market- ing and management.aspeCts. "
　　Whether it fulfills this objective or not, it does succeed in selling Pepsi.
　 　The "Learn and EarnProject" is just one example of the hundreds of ways food companies (as well as other types of corporations, public utilities and trade associa-tions) promote their products in..schools..Particularly in the fields of nutrition and home economics, companies send numerous "teaching aids" : highly professional films, shiny workbooks and pamphlets, and available to teachers at well below commercial rates or free.
　　For example, the Savannah Sugar Refining Corp. Puts out a book for students called "Sugar Through the Ages" which includes statements much as "Scientists have found that generous amounts of sugar are a valuable part of well-balanced diets for growing children. "
　　By far the largest supplier of nutrition--education materials to schools is the Na- tional Dairy Council, which provides all sorts of pamphlets addressing questions ran- ging from " How am I doing socially?" to "How am I doing physically?" Woven throughout these materials are subtle references to dairy products, daily calcium re-quirements, etc. Drink milk, the message seems to be, and you too can be popular.
　　But nutrition and home economics are not the only areas where corporations have found a lucrative form of advertising.
　　The word "generous" most probably means
　　A. large
　　B. average
　　C. small
　　D. limited
　　generous這個(gè)詞所在句一開(kāi)頭有for example的過(guò)渡詞：For example，the Savannah Sugar
　　Refining Corp．puts out a book for students called“Sugar Through the Ages’’Which includes
　 　statements such as“Scientists have found that generous amounts of children”。說(shuō)明這一句是它前面觀點(diǎn)的具體例子?；剡^(guò)去看它的前面一段，其段落主題句是：The“Learn and Earn Project”is just one example of the hun&eds of ways food companies(as well as other types of corporations，public utilities and trade associations)promote their products in schools．說(shuō)的是許許多多食品廠通過(guò)廣告宣傳與課堂教學(xué)結(jié)合起來(lái)，來(lái)推銷他們的產(chǎn)品。而這一句說(shuō)的食糖廠就是具體例子。
　　因此他們向?qū)W校發(fā)的宣傳資料必定是說(shuō)多食糖對(duì)于身體發(fā)育是有益的。這樣A large amounts
　　of sugar are a valuable part of well balanced diets for growing children應(yīng)是合理的。
　
　(5)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)暗示語(yǔ)義關(guān)系：破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)或括號(hào)均表示同義解釋。
　　例41
　 　Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental func-tioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine of an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase "substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine. "
　　We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and ap- parently constructive uses of a substances become misuses? First of all, most sub- stances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense per-ceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the ap- pearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
　　Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down.
　　 Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (form the Greek word meaning "mind--manifesting") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.
　　The word "pervasive" might mean
　　A. widespread
　　B. piercing
　　C. indifferent
　　D. fashionable
　 　把pervasive所在的句子讀一下：We live in a society in which the medical and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive：an aspirin the quiet a headache，some wine to be sociable，coffee to get going in the mornin9，a cigarette for the nerves．暫且不管pervasive是什么意思。但根據(jù)pervasive后的冒號(hào)的語(yǔ)義功能，冒號(hào)后講的東西應(yīng)是具體說(shuō)明pervasive的意 思。用阿司匹林止頭痛，在社交場(chǎng)合飲酒作興，喝咖啡開(kāi)始一天的工作，用吸煙安定情緒。這些例子都說(shuō)明運(yùn)用具有興奮或鎮(zhèn)靜作用的物質(zhì)達(dá)到醫(yī)學(xué)或社交目的是很 普遍的。因此A widespread是正確答案。D fashionable不對(duì)，因?yàn)橛冒⑺酒チ种诡^痛，或在社交場(chǎng)合飲酒作興，或喝咖啡開(kāi)始一天的工作，或吸煙安定情緒都已成習(xí)俗，并不時(shí)髦。
　　 在以同義詞表達(dá)同義關(guān)系時(shí)，這個(gè)同義詞可能與被考詞匯在同一句，有時(shí)甚至陷入一種模式：設(shè)所考詞匯意思為X，有等式A：B=C：X，A、B、C是原句中的 已知概念，那么X=B，即X對(duì)應(yīng)于相應(yīng)位置上的概念。這種根據(jù)三個(gè)已知概念推導(dǎo)第四個(gè)概念的題在三級(jí)考試中出現(xiàn)過(guò)幾次，可以根據(jù)第四個(gè)概念(所考詞匯)對(duì) 應(yīng)位置上的詞得出同義答案。還有一種模式：文章開(kāi)始提出一個(gè)主概念，在后面再談到這一主概念時(shí)，為防重復(fù)，常常以其他同義詞表達(dá)這一概念。用以替代主概念 的詞可能成為所考詞匯，此時(shí)答案為文中開(kāi)始提到的主概念詞匯。
　　例42
　　I think it certain that in decades, not centuries, machines of silicon (硅) will arise first to rival and then exceed their human ancestors. Once they exceed us they will be capable of their own design. In a real sense they will be able to reproduce themselves.
　　Silicon will have ended carbon's long control. And we will no longer be able to claim ourselves to be the finest intelligence in the known universe.
　　The word carbon stands for
　　A. intelligent robots
　　C. an organic substance
　　B. a chemical element
　　D. human beings
　 　所考詞匯在文中的句子為Silicon will have ended carbon’S long contr01．而上文第一句即指出：I think it certain that in decades，not centuries，machines of silicon(硅) will arise first to rival and then exceed their human ancestors．根據(jù)上述的模式A：B=C：X，即silicon：their human ancestors=silicon：X，X對(duì)應(yīng)于their human ancestors，那么D為正確答案。
　　例43
　　It has been thought and said that Africans are born with musical talent. Because music is so important in the lives of many Africans and because so much music is per-formed in Africa, we are inclined to think that all Africans are musicians. The impres-sion is strengthened when we look at ourselves and find that we have become largely a society of musical spectators (旁觀者). Music is important to us, but most of us can be considered consumers rather than producers of music. We have records, television, concerts, and radio to fulfill many of our musical needs. In most situations where mu-sic is performed in our culture it is not difficult to distinguish the audience from the performers, but such is often not the case in Africa. Alban Ayipaga, a Kasena semi-professional musician from northern Ghana, says that when his flute (長(zhǎng)笛) and drum ensemble (歌舞團(tuán)) is performing. "Anybody can take part. " This is true, but Kasena musicians recognize that not all people are equally capable of taking part in the music.
　　Some can sing along with the drummers, but relatively few can drum and even fewer can play the flute along with the ensemble. It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, sing- ing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound. Performances often take place in an open area (that is, not on a stage) and so the lines between the performing nucleus and the additional performers, active spectators, and passive spectators may be difficult to draw from our point of view.
　　The word "nucleus" probably refers to
　　A. musicians famous in Africa
　　B. musicians at the centre of attention
　　C. musicians acting as the core in a performance
　　D. active participants in a musical performance
　　本文的中心對(duì)比(主概念)是真正的表演者與觀眾，但這一對(duì)概念在文中不同地方以不同方式表達(dá)。
　　表演者 觀眾
　　Musicians spectators
　　Producers consumers
　　Performers audience
　　Performing additional performers
　　active spectators
　　passive spectators
　　毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，左邊一欄的人為核心表演者，而右邊一欄的人為一般觀眾或參與者，那么正確答案為C；
B項(xiàng)含義模糊，為干擾選項(xiàng)。
　　例44
　 　Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation be-tween actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (認(rèn)知學(xué)派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
　　The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金錢的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school chil- dren, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventive- ness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
　　"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challeng- ing task, they show the most creativity,"says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor per- formance or creating too much anticipation for rewards. "
　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds.
　　As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
　　In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
　　The phrase "token economies" probably refers to
　　A. ways to develop economy
　　B. systems of rewarding students
　　C. approaches to solving problems
　　D. methods of improving performance
　 　token economies的意思由其后的一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句解釋：in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards，根據(jù)這種辦法，學(xué)生處理具有挑戰(zhàn)性的問(wèn)題，同時(shí)根據(jù)成績(jī)獲得一定的分?jǐn)?shù)，直到得到寶貴的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，由此可知token economies為一種獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)方法，因此B為正確答案。
　　3．利用反義關(guān)系解題
　　凡是所考詞匯與線索提示詞之間以下列結(jié)構(gòu)表示轉(zhuǎn)折或 對(duì)立關(guān)系的，兩者之間可能構(gòu)成反義關(guān)系。例 如：but，yet，however，although，though，while，whereas，despite(盡管)，in spite of(盡管)，in contrast(形成對(duì)比)，on the contrary等。
　　例45
　　We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming (把...按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into ac- count the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!
　　By "held back" the author means " ".
　　A. made to remain in the same classes
　　B. forced to study in the lower classes
　　C. drawn to their studies
　　D. prevented from advancing
　 　所考詞匯在文中的相關(guān)句為We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed—ability teaching．它與緊接著的下一句(上文第二句)在語(yǔ)義上構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系(由on the contrary提示)，由此可知held back為第二句中enrich(充實(shí)，豐富)在這個(gè)上下文中的反義詞，意為“阻止……的發(fā)展”，所以D為正確答案。
　　例46
　　 Most people would agree that, although our age exceeds all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no corresponding increase in wisdom. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define "wisdom" and consider means of promoting it.
　　There are several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of there I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a prob- lem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the special knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in research in scien-tific medicine. The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your mind.
　　You have no time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let us say) as modern medicine has succee- ded, in enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but also in Asia and Africa. This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the parts of the world that have the greatest populations. To take an even more dramatic example, which is in everybody's mind at the present time; you study the makeup of the atom from a disin-terested (無(wú)利害關(guān)系的) desire for knowledge, and by chance place in the hands of a powerful mad man the means of destroying the human race.
　　Therefore, with every increase of knowledge and skill, wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase augments (增強(qiáng)) our capacity for realising our pur- poses, and therefore augments our capacity for evil, if our purposes are unwise.
　　According to the author, "wisdom" is the ability to
　　A. carefully consider the bad effects of any kind of research work
　　B. give each important problem some careful consideration
　　C. acquire a great deal of complex and special knowledge
　　D. give suitable consideration to all the possible elements in a problem
　 　“wisdom”的含義只有通過(guò)上下文才能確定：There are several factors that contribute to wisdom．Of these I should put first a sense of proportion：the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight．
　　智慧由幾個(gè)因素構(gòu)成，其中我首先提出比例感：這是一種考慮問(wèn)題中所有因素并對(duì)各個(gè)因素給予應(yīng)有重視的能力，由此可知，這里的“wisdom”就是選項(xiàng)D的內(nèi)容：對(duì)問(wèn)題中的全部可能因素給予適當(dāng)考慮，因此D為正確答案。
　　例47
　 　After a year or so, however, I still hadn't gotten a break and began to doubt my-self. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasn't going to be one of those people who die wondering, What if? I would keep putting my dream to the test--even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.
　　"... people who die wondering, What if?" refers to "those ."
　　A. who think too much of the dark side of life
　　B. who regret giving up their career halfway
　　C. who think a lot without making a decision
　　D. who are full of imagination even upon death
　 　本題仍然可以依據(jù)題干出現(xiàn)的上下文來(lái)做。該部分的上文為：But I knew l wanted to write，I had dreamed about it for years．不過(guò)我知道自己想寫(xiě)。這是我多年的夢(mèng)想；
其下文為：I would keep putting my dream to the test--even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure．我將繼續(xù)考驗(yàn)我的夢(mèng)想——即使這么做意味著生活在毫無(wú)把握與對(duì)失敗的擔(dān)心之中。縱觀上下文，作者不想半途而廢，與那些因中途放棄而很后悔 的人形成一個(gè)對(duì)比。由此可見(jiàn)，B為正確答案。
　　"Shadowland"in the last sentence refers to
　　A. the wonderland one often dreams about
　　B. the bright future that one is looking forward to
　　C. the state of uncertainty before one's final goal is reached
　　D. a world that exists only in one's imagination
　 　“Shadowland”所在的句子為：This is the Shadowland of hope，and anyone with a dream must learn to live there．由其中的“This”可知，對(duì)Shadowland的解釋和說(shuō)明在上一句：…even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure．即使這么做意味著生活在毫無(wú)把握與對(duì)失敗的擔(dān)心之中。因此“Shadowland”就是指這種毫無(wú)把握與對(duì)失敗的擔(dān)心，那么C為正確答 案；
A項(xiàng)與D項(xiàng)為“Shadowland”的一般性解釋，不是在此上下文中的意義。
　　例48
　　If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teacher's interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to "play safe". He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language. That's why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.
　　The expression "play safe"probably means
　　A. to write carefully
　　B. to do as teachers say
　　C. to use dictionaries frequently
　　D. to avoid using words one is not sure of
　 　這道題可以根據(jù)play safe的上下文來(lái)做；
其下文為He will tend to write only words within his spelling range，choosing to avoid adventurous language．他將傾向于只用會(huì)拼寫(xiě)的詞，避免使用拼寫(xiě)無(wú)把握的詞。這是對(duì)play safe所做的說(shuō)明，因此D為正確答案。