2016年湖北學(xué)位英閱讀理詞義題解法一

湖北2016年學(xué)位英閱讀理詞義題解法一

詞義題
　　在做閱讀理解題目時(shí)，會(huì)經(jīng)常碰到如下的問(wèn)題。
　　In line 3，the word“”most probably mean ．
　　By“ ”(Line 3)，the author means ．
　 　這樣的問(wèn)題與其說(shuō)是考詞匯量大小，還不如說(shuō)考是否具有利用上下文判斷單詞意思的能力。閱讀理解部分的詞匯題目與詞匯部分的題目，目的是不同的。后者考的 詞，基本上都是考綱里的，考的目的是看你掌握沒(méi)有。而前者考的詞，基本上是超綱的，生疏的。但是其意義是從上下文中能推導(dǎo)出來(lái)的。因此，如閱讀理解中考某 一超綱詞、生僻詞，上下文中肯定有暗示這個(gè)詞的詞義的線索。做這類題就要根據(jù)上下文，抓住線索來(lái)推斷詞義。
　　
(一)詞義題的出題方式
　　閱讀理解中所考詞匯意義的超綱，表現(xiàn)在如下幾個(gè)方面。
　　
1．熟詞僻義。這是指，該詞大綱中有，但所考的是該詞在大綱之外的意義，如bring forward在大綱中給出的意義是“提出，提議”，但在1991年6月的三級(jí)閱讀理解第二篇文章中考的卻是“提前”的意思。
　　例32
　 　A breakthrough (突破) in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC's research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra. near Milan.
　　The phrase "be brought forward" most probably means
　　A. be expected
　　C. be advanced
　　B. be completed
　　D. be introduced
　 　本題中的bring forward這一短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式作本句的謂語(yǔ)，其主語(yǔ)是以breakthrough為中心詞的名詞詞組，bring forward又被狀語(yǔ)by up to two decades 修飾：A breakthrough(突破)in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community(EEC)could be brought forward by up to two decades．在這樣一個(gè)上下文里，即“在為歐洲共同體提供太陽(yáng)能方面的突破”和“多至20年”，能與bring forward替換而意義又相近的詞只有C項(xiàng)的be advanced。B選項(xiàng)的complete與breakthrough在英語(yǔ)中不構(gòu)成正確搭配。
　 　事實(shí)上，熟詞僻義就是考一詞多義。對(duì)于這種問(wèn)題，考生背誦常用詞匯時(shí)，不妨翻翻詞典中該詞的其他一兩個(gè)常見義項(xiàng)，使自己對(duì)該詞的一詞多義有較好掌握。如 subject一詞在大綱中列出的義項(xiàng)為：
①主題，題目；

②學(xué)科，科目；

③主語(yǔ)。而在考試中常?？嫉狡渌麅蓚€(gè)義項(xiàng)：
①(事物的)經(jīng)受者，(動(dòng)作的)對(duì) 象；

②臣民，國(guó)民。只有根據(jù)上下文才能推斷出其具體含義。
　　例33
　　If you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise--and as a result, we are aging unnecessarily soon.
　　 Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of aging could be slowed down.
　　With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.
　　Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character. (The rear section of the brain, which controls functions like eating and breathing, does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual or emotional faculties. )Contraction of front and side parts--as cells die off--was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty-and seventy-year-olds.
　　Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple remedy to the contrac-tion normally associated with age--using the head.
　　The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are law-yers, followed by university professors and doctors. White collar workers doing rou- tine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.
　　Matsuzawa's findings show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need. "The best way to maintain good blood circulation is through using the brain," he says, "Think hard and engage in conversation. Don't rely on pocket calculators. "
　　The word "subjects"in Paragraph 4 means
　　A. something to be considered
　　B. branches of knowledge studied
　　C. persons chosen to be studied in an experiment
　　D. any member of a state except the supreme ruler
　 　“subjects”所在的句子為：“Contraction…was observed in some subjects in their thirties。but it was still not evident in some sixty-and seventy-year olds”，由其中的“in their thirties(三十幾歲)，，和“sixty-and seventy-year olds”(六七十歲的人)可以推出subjects指人，而且這些人在接受一場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)，那么他們就是實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象，因此C為正確答案。
　　
2．生詞。這是指大綱中沒(méi)有列出的詞。不過(guò)，生詞并不可怕，閱讀時(shí)遇到生詞是常有的事情，關(guān)鍵是要冷靜地對(duì)待它們?？荚嚂r(shí)一個(gè)生詞不懂不要反復(fù)琢磨，可以繼續(xù)往下讀，也許該詞的意思在上下文中已經(jīng)或很快就會(huì)明朗。
　　例34
　 　People tend to be more impressed by evidence that seems to confirm some rela-tionship. Thus many are convinced their dreams are prophetic (預(yù)言的) because a few have come true; they neglect or fail to notice the many that have not.
　　Consider also the belief that "the phone always rings when I'm in the shower". If it does ring while you are in the shower, the event will stand out and be remembered. If it doesn't ring, that nonevent probably won't even register (留下印象).
　　People want to see order, pattern and meaning in the world. Consider, for exam-ple, the common belief that things like personal misfortunes, plane crashes, and deaths "happen in threes". Such beliefs stem from the tendency of people to allow the third event to define the time period. If three plane crashes occur in a month, then the period of time that counts as their "happening together" is one month; if three crashes occur in a year, the period of time is stretched. Flexible end points reinforce such beliefs.
　　We also tend to believe what we want to believe. A majority of people think they are more intelligent, more fair-minded and more skilled behind the wheel of an auto-mobile than the average person. Part of the reason we view ourselves so favorably is that we use criteria that work to our advantage. As economist Thomas Schelling ex-plains, "Everybody ranks himself high in qualities he values: careful drivers give weight to care, skilled drivers give weight to skill, and those who are polite give weight to courtesy," This way everyone ranks high on his own scale.
　　Perhaps the most important mental habit we can learn is to be cautious (謹(jǐn)慎的)in drawing conclusions. The "evidence" of everyday life is sometimes misleading.
　　The word "courtesy"(Para. 4) probably means
　　A. good manners
　　B. appropriate speech
　　C. friendly relations
　　D. satisfactory service
　 　courtesy這個(gè)詞在教學(xué)大綱中沒(méi)有，所以有一定難度。但只要找到courtesy所在的上下文．．．．careful drivers give weight to care，skilled drivers give weight to skill，and those who are polite give weight to courtesy…，可以知道這些分句說(shuō)的是同一意思：“具有某一特點(diǎn)的人重視某一特點(diǎn)”，那么“有禮貌的人重視禮貌”(“those who are polite give weight to courtesy”)，由此可知“courtesy”的意思是“禮貌”，那么A為正確答案。