04年10月歐洲文化入門串講資料2

　　答：

　　1、Copernicus： Helio-centric （日心說）

　　2、Kepler：

　?、貹epler‘s Laws of planetary motion. （開普勒行星定律）

　?、贙epler proved Copernicus Helio-centric theory to be true.

　　③Kepler‘s Laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. （萬有引力理論）

　　3、Galile①He made a telescope. （望遠(yuǎn)鏡）

　?、贕alileo also proved Copernicus Helio-centric theory to be true.

　?、跥alileo discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics. （動(dòng)力加速度）

　　④Galileo was also the first to establish the law of falling bodies. （落體理論的奠定）

　　4、Newton：

　　①He invented calculus. （微積分）

　?、贗n optics （光學(xué)）， he discovered that white light is composed （組成） of all the colour of the spectrum.（光譜）

　?、跱ewton established his name （聲望） in the field of physics.

　　④Newton established the analytical method. （分析方法理論）

　　5、Leibniz：

　　①Leibniz distinguishes three levels of understanding：

　　the self-conscious （自我意識(shí)）

　　the conscious and the unconscious or subconscious （無意識(shí)或下意識(shí)）

　　This theory had a great influence on Freudian psychology.

　?、赥his theory of time and space had a great influence on einsteinian physics.

　　③He and Newton invented independently the differential （互不相關(guān)的） and intergral （整合性的） calculus.（微積分）

　　三、What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century？

　?。―o you think there is something in common among the 17th century scientists？ If there is， present your ideas on the statement.）

　　答：

　　During the 17th century， the modern Scientific method began to take shape （初見端倪）。 It emphasized （強(qiáng)調(diào)） observation （觀察） and experimentation （實(shí)驗(yàn)） before formulating （表示） a final explanation or generalization （概括）。 Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits （價(jià)值） which favoured the advance of science.（推動(dòng)）

　　1、First， they showed boldness （大膽性） in framing hypotheses.（假定框架）

　　2、Second， they all had immense （極大的） patience （耐性） in observation.

　　3、The combination （組合） of the two merits brought about fundamental （根本的） changes in man‘s scientific and philosophical thinking.

　　四、What is Baconian Philosophical system？

　?。╓hat is the different between inductive method （歸納法） and deductive （演繹法） method？）

　　答：

　　1、 The whole basis of his philosophy was practical （實(shí)用主義哲學(xué)）： to give mankind （人類） mastery （主宰） over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.

　　2、He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology （神學(xué)）， not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.（與經(jīng)院主義混為一談）

　　3、Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning （推理） from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.（從特殊推一般）。 Deductive method emphasized （強(qiáng)調(diào)） reasoning from a known principle （原因） to the unknown and from the general to the specific.（從已知推未知，從一般推特殊）

　　4、In a word， to break with the past （與過去相背離）， and to restore （存儲(chǔ)） man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration. （大恢復(fù)理論）

　　五、What is Hobbes‘ material system？

　　（What are Hobbes‘ materialist view？）

　　答：

　　1、Our knowledge comes from experience.（知識(shí)來源于實(shí)際）

　　2、 Only material things are perceptible （可感知的）， and knowable to us （為我們所知的）。 Our own experience alone is certain （個(gè)人的實(shí)踐是確定無疑的）。 Men could not know anything about the existence of God. （人類無法感知上帝是否確定存在）

　　3、When a thing lies （靜止） still， unless something else stirs （攪動(dòng)） it， it will lie still for ever.

　　4、Hobbes systematized （系統(tǒng)化） Baconian materialism， but basically （基本上） he was a mechanical materialist.（機(jī)械唯物主義），費(fèi)爾巴哈也是

　　六、What is the natural state of war according to Hobbes？

　　答：

　　1、Equality of hope arises from the equality of ability.（欲望來自于能力的平等）

　　2、If any two men desire （得到） the same thing， which nevertheless （雖然如此） they cannot both enjoy， they become enemies （敵人）。魚和熊掌不可兼得

　　3、From this， he concluded， until such time as men live under a common power （努力均衡）， they are in a state of war with one another.

　　七、What are the Laws of nature， according to the Hobbes？

　　答：

　　1、It is obviously （顯然的） in man‘s interest to emerge from this natural state of war.（人的利益導(dǎo)致戰(zhàn)爭）

　　2、 For by nature men have their passions （激情） and their reason. It is their passions which bring about the state of war （導(dǎo)掄秸淖勻蛔刺¡/p>

　　3、Peace is necessary for survival （生存） and certain articles （條款） of peace， upon which men may be drawn to agreement （達(dá)成一致）。

　　八、What is the theory of the Social Contract， according to the Hobbes？

　　答：

　　1、It is necessary that there should be a common power （權(quán)利的集中） or government backed by force and able to punish （處罰）。

　　2、Commonwealth （英聯(lián)邦）， in Latin， Civitas （共有財(cái)產(chǎn)）。

　　3、 To escape （避免） anarchy （無政府狀態(tài)）， men enter into a social contract， by which they submit to the sovereign （君主）。 In return for （作為回報(bào)） conferring （贈(zèng)與） all their powers and strength to the sovereign， men attain （達(dá)到） peace and security （安全）。

　　4、The powers of the sovereign must be absolute （絕對(duì)的）， and it is only be the centralization （中央集權(quán)） of authority （權(quán)利） in one person that the evil （邪惡） can be avoided.

　　5、As to the form of government， Hobbes preferred monarchy.（主張君主制）

　　6、Government was not created by God， but by men themselves.

　　九、What are John Locke material view？

　　答：

　　1、 All our ideas are ultimately （最后） derived （來自） from sensation （感受） or from reflection （反思） and these two make up （組成） experience and all our knowledge springs from experience as well.

　　2、Neither principles nor ideas are innate.（規(guī)律與人的思維都并非天生的）

　　3、Sensation and reflection are the fountains of knowledge.（兩大源泉）

　　十、What is Locke‘s Political Philosophy？（政治哲學(xué)）

　　答：

　　1、Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.（排除了君權(quán)神授的思想）

　　2、 He ridiculed （嘲笑） the theory of transmission of royal authority （王權(quán)的世襲制） by saying that there was no evidence （證據(jù)） that Adam possessed （控制） a divinely （像神一樣的） granted royal authority （授予王權(quán)）， nor is there any evidence that his heirs （繼承人） had it.

　　3、Locke put forward the idea of the state of nature.（提出自然狀態(tài)的觀點(diǎn)）

　　4、 For Locke， Nature Law， therefore， means a universally （普遍） obligatory （強(qiáng)制性的） moral law （道德法則） promulgated （發(fā)布） by the human reason. Whereas （然而） for Hobbes it means the law of power， force and fraud （欺騙）。

　　5、Locke firmly believed in natural rights （天賦人權(quán)）。 The natural right is the right of private property （財(cái)產(chǎn)）。

　　十一、What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law？

　　答：

　　For Locke， Nature Law， therefore， means a univ