2002年10月“歐洲文化入門”考前串講資料
Homer Author of epics
Sappho Lyric poet
Aeschylus
Tragic dramatist
Sophocles Tragic dramatist
Euripides Tragic dramatist
Arostophoes Comedy writer
Herodotus Greeks and Persians Father of the history
Thucydides Athens and Sparta, Syracuse historian
Pythagoras All things were numbers
Heracleitue Fire is the primary element
Democritus Materialist , atomic
Socrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical method
Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas
Aristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made concrete individual realities
Euclid geometrist
Others Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus philosophy
Cicero Far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate Prose writer
Caesar I came, I saw, I conquered Prose writer
Lucretius On the nature of things poet
Virgil -Aeneas-tragic hero
4th century B.C.后半葉希臘在Alexander,king of Macedon的領導下,5th century B.C.達到頂峰,146B.C.被羅馬攻克。
l 基督教和圣經(jīng)
Jews—以前叫Hebrews,3800B.C.穿過中東沙漠,1300B.C.Moses帶領Hebrews離開埃及,開始他們的Exodus,他在 Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God,40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine, known as Canaan,Hebrew人的歷史口頭傳送記入the old Testament, 6th century B.C.,他們在Babylon形成synagogue(憂太集會)來發(fā)揚他們的教義。
Jesus生活在第一個羅馬帝國Augustus, Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法,Emperor Theodosius于393年宣布基督教為國教。
Hebrew人的歷史口頭傳送記入the old Testament,舊約包含39本書,寫了從1000B.C.-100A.D.的事情,最重要的前五本是Pentateuch,舊約主要由 Hebrew寫成,the New Testment主要是Greek的形式,包含14本書,最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate,在1382年被John Wycliff翻譯成了英語,Greek Bible叫Septuagint
l 中世紀
開始于476西羅馬帝國得衰敗
5-11世紀
在文化上繼承了Roman culture,出現(xiàn)了Hebrew and Gothic culture
feudalism主要是一種system of land holding,for exchanging military service,它還是一種local and decentralized government
1045,教堂分裂為the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
反擊Moslems,開始了Crusades
Charles Martel給士兵們estates known as fiefs in 732
St. Thomas Aquinas寫了The Summa Theologica總結了中世紀神學的所有知識并形成了系統(tǒng),他認為feudal hierarchy of society is God‘s rule
The power of feudal rulers is God‘s will
Pope is Crist‘s Plenipotentiary
中世紀封建社會的人主要分為三個等級:clergy, lords, peasants
Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the vernacular.
l 文藝復興與宗教改革
Boccaccio Decameron
Cervantes Don Quixote(crowned literature of Spain)
Petrarch Sonnet,father of modern poetry
Da Vinci Artist in Italy
Michelangelo Artist in Italy
Raphael Known for his Madonna Artist in Italy
Titian Oil color Artist in Italy
Ronsard France
Rabelais Cargantua and Pantagruel France
Montaigne The Essais France
Thomas More Utopia
Shakespeare crowned literature of England
Copernicus The father of modern astronomy
Vesalius The founder of modern medicine Anatomy
Aldus Manutius The foremost printer in Italy
Machiavelli Father of political science Political sciencehistoriography
Dante
Vosari
others Giotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,Spencer, Bacon artists
Reformation was led by Martin Luther. 它主張用the Bible的絕對權威取代the Roman Catholic Church的絕對權威,這促進了資本主義的發(fā)展。
1492, Columbus發(fā)現(xiàn)了America
1487,Dias發(fā)現(xiàn)了the cape of good hope
1497,da Gama發(fā)現(xiàn)了繞過好望角去印度的航線
英國在Elizabeth I的統(tǒng)治下達到鼎盛時期
宗教改革以后,基督教分裂為:the Protestant and the Roman Catholic
Humanism是文藝復興時代的靈魂思想
l 17世紀
Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understandingcaculaus
Milton Areopagitica,
English revolution
Bacon Knowledge is power England
Descartes I think therefore I am France
Corneille FrenchNeoclassicismdramatists
Racine
Moliere
Locke
很多科學器械在被發(fā)明:microscope, telescope, thermometer, barometer, pendulum
Bacon認為哲學應該與神學分開
Leibniz區(qū)別了人的三種理解程度,自我意識,意識,潛意識(無意識)
Bacon反對deductive method,創(chuàng)立了inductive method
Hobbes認為最好的統(tǒng)治方式是monarchy
1689,the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高無上的權利
英國大革命中,Cromwell帶領行動 Milton提供思想
法國最著名的建筑:Palace of Versailles Garden Front
East Front of the Louvre
英國最著名建筑:St. Paul‘s Cathedral
17th:physics, mathematics
18th:chemistry
19th:biology
20th:psychology
French classicism
Baroque art
Newton
Galileo
l 啟蒙運動
Diderot France
Montesquieu Separation of powers
Voltaire
Hobbes Social contract
Locke Social contract
Rousseau
Swift
Defoe
Henry Fielding
Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic noval
Lessing German dramastistGerman classicim
Goethe
schiller
Kant Waterhead of modern philosophyPropose the nebular hypothesis
Pope poet Dr.Johnson lexicographer
J.S.Bach ChristianityMajor musicians of the musical Englithenment
Handel
Haydn Classical period Viennese school
Mozart
Beethoven Romantic Movement
18世紀兩大著名運動:The American War of Independence(1776)
The Declaration of Independence
The French Revolution(1789)
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Rococo藝術的典型建筑代表:Hotel de Soubise
Addison, Steele在期刊The Tatler , The Spectator上發(fā)表論文
The Enlightenment
Rococo art
l 現(xiàn)實主義
France
Balzzac
Stendhal a novel is a mirror walking along the road
Flaubert first French realist Objectivity, detachment
Zora Naturalism, scientific heredity
Maupssant
Chickikov A character in Shame, and hypocrisy
Peter the Great Russian reforms. End the middle age
Dostoyevsky
Ibsen For women hypocrisy and seemy politics
Strindberg Autobiograpgical Existence and self-realization
English
George Eliot Scientific, reason,objectivity
Charles Dickens
Thackeray Becky Sharp
Thomas Hardy Wessex uperior, pitiless, indifference
Berbard Shaw Fabian society major Barbara> Nobel Prize in 1925
Russia
Gogol
Turgenev First gain recognition in the west
Dostoevsky
Tolstoy
Other countries
Walt Whitman
Henry James The master beyond all masters, psychological subtle
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